何龙韬,黄进

• 1:西南财经大学社会发展研究院
• 2:美国社会工作和社会福利学院

摘要(Abstract)：

在人工智能技术深度嵌入社会运行的背景下，社会结构对人类主体的依赖方式正在发生变化。现有研究多从劳动替代、算法治理及人机协作路径讨论技术影响，但普遍默认人类主体始终是结构运行不可或缺的中介。人工智能嵌入生产、判断生成与责任分配等关键环节，使主体由社会结构运行的普遍前提转变为仅在特定条件下被激活的行动要素，呈现出主体必要性的松动。而当技术系统在责任界定、意义解释与关系协调等关键节点遭遇边界时，社会结构又可以通过组织承接和制度安排重新依赖主体，形成主体再嵌入的条件性依赖关系。分析显示，主体再嵌入并非人类主体地位的恢复，而是在新功能节点上重组主体—结构关系。这一视角将关注点从人类主体是否被替代转向结构在技术条件下如何依赖主体及其制度化条件，为理解人工智能时代人类主体在社会结构中的位置与作用提供了新的理论框架。

关键词(KeyWords)： 人工智能技术成熟;主体必要性的松动;主体再嵌入;结构依赖;条件性依赖

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金后期资助重点项目“人口老龄化背景下的临终关怀社会工作研究”（23FSHA002）

作者(Author): 何龙韬,黄进

参考文献(References)：

• (1)《赡养上帝》是中国作家刘慈欣2005年发表的科幻短篇小说，被视为《三体》创作前的重要探索。
• (1)本文所称主体均指人类主体。作此限定是因为随着人工智能技术的发展，未来主体的范畴可能扩展至人工智能等非人类行动者，而本文主要关注人类主体在社会结构中的行动与责任实践。
• (2)李友梅：《数字时代多社会形态叠加与新公共性的再思索》，《社会学研究》 2025年第5期；Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, 2018:11-13; Gillespie, T.,The Relevance of Algorithms, in Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P. J.&Foot, K. A.(eds.), Media Technologies:Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, MIT Press, 2014:298-319。
• (3)Murray, A., Rhymer, J.&Sirmon, D. G., Humans and Technology:Forms of Conjoined Agency in Organizations, Academy of Management Review, vol.46, no.3, 2021:552-571; Zuboff, S., The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs, 2019:8-15.
• (4)Durkheim,??., The Division of Labor in Society, Free Press, 1997:88-104; Weber, M., Economy and Society, University of California Press, 1978:4-37.
• (5)Brynjolfsson, E.&McAfee, A., The Second Machine Age:Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W. W. Norton&Company, 2014:85-96; Gillespie, T., The Relevance of Algorithms, in Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P.J.&Foot, K. A.(eds.), Media Technologies:Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, MIT Press, 2014:167-197.
• (6)周飞舟：《社会学本土化的演进与本位》，《中国研究》 2022年第1期。
• (1)Brynjolfsson, E.&McAfee, A., The Second Machine Age:Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W. W. Norton&Company, 2014:127-145; Piketty, T., Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press,2014:199-270.
• (2)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press,2018:127-153; Noble, S. U., Algorithms of Oppression:How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, NYU Press, 2018:82-117;Pasquale, F., The Black Box Society:The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information, Harvard University Press,2015:10-24; Zuboff, S., The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power,Public Affairs, 2019:8-15.
• (3)Murray, A., Rhymer, J.&Sirmon, D. G., Humans and Technology:Forms of Conjoined Agency in Organizations, Academy of Management Review, vol.46, no.3, 2021:552-571; Vaccaro, M., Almaatouq, A.&Malone, T., When Combinations of Humans and AI Are Useful:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Nature Human Behaviour, vol.8, 2024:2293-2303.
• (4)Esping-Andersen, G., The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Polity, 1990:35-55.
• (5)肖瑛：《反思与自反：反身性视野下的社会学与风险社会》，商务印书馆2020年版；Beck, U., Risk Society:Towards a New Modernity, Sage, 1992:155-183。
• (6)Srnicek, N., Platform Capitalism, Polity Press, 2017:6-24.
• (7)参见渠敬东：《项目制：一种新的国家治理体制》，《中国社会科学》 2012年第5期。
• (8)本文所称“主体必要性的松动”是指主体在社会结构中的普遍必要性发生转变，但并非完全失去必要性。与重要性下降不同，该概念强调主体可能在部分关键功能被技术替代的条件下，只在特定情境中被激活。
• (1)邱泽奇：《数智时代的人类团结——技术变革与理论重构》，《智能社会研究》 2025年第1期。
• (2)王宁：《AI时代的智力物替、主体重塑与结构转型——一个人工智能社会学的分析框架》，《探索与争鸣》2025年第3期。
• (3)Gillespie, T., The Relevance of Algorithms, in Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P. J.&Foot, K. A.(eds.), Media Technologies:Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, MIT Press, 2014:167-193; Zuboff, S., The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs, 2019:8-15.
• (1)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, 2018:8-11; Pasquale, F., The Black Box Society:The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information, Harvard University Press, 2015:10-24.
• (2)Latour, B., On Technical Mediation, Common Knowledge, vol.3, no.2, 1994:29-64; Suchman, L. A., Human-Machine Reconfigurations:Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007:206-240.
• (3)李友梅：《数字时代多社会形态叠加与新公共性的再思索》，《社会学研究》 2025年第5期。
• (4)郑作彧：《物—人关系的基本范畴：新唯物主义社会学综论》，《社会学研究》 2023年第2期。
• (5)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, 2018:168-212; Pasquale, F., The Black Box Society:The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information, Harvard University Press, 2015:10-24.
• (6)Latour, B., On Technical Mediation, Common Knowledge, vol.3, no.2, 1994:29-64; Suchman, L. A., Human-Machine Reconfigurations:Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007:8-32.
• (1)Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338.
• (2)李友梅：《数字时代多社会形态叠加与新公共性的再思索》，《社会学研究》 2025年第5期；郑作彧：《物—人关系的基本范畴：新唯物主义社会学综论》，《社会学研究》 2023年第2期。
• (3)Zuboff, S., The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs, 2019:8-15.
• (4)Bostrom, N., Deep Utopia:Life and Meaning in a Solved World, Simon&Schuster, 2024:120-207.
• (1)Murray, A., Rhymer, J.&Sirmon, D. G., Humans and Technology:Forms of Conjoined Agency in Organizations, Academy of Management Review, vol.46, no.3, 2021:552-571.
• (2)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press,2018:40-45; Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338.
• (3)Latour, B., On Technical Mediation, Common Knowledge, vol.3, no.2, 1994:29-64; Suchman, L. A., Human-Machine Reconfigurations:Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007:8-32.
• (1)李友梅：《数字时代多社会形态叠加与新公共性的再思索》，《社会学研究》 2025年第5期；Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, 2018:47-68; Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338。
• (2)郑作彧：《物—人关系的基本范畴：新唯物主义社会学综论》，《社会学研究》 2023年第2期；Latour, B., On Technical Mediation, Common Knowledge, vol.3, no.2, 1994:29-64; Suchman, L. A., Human-Machine Reconfigurations:Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007:8-32。
• (1)Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338.
• (2)Latour, B., On Technical Mediation, Common Knowledge, vol.3, no.2, 1994:29-64; Schwennesen, N., Algorithmic Assemblages of Care:Imaginaries, Epistemologies and Repair Work, Sociology of Health&Illness, vol.41, 2019:176-192; Suchman, L. A.,Human-Machine Reconfigurations:Plans and Situated Actions, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007:1-7.
• (1)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, 2018:47-64; Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338.
• (2)Mittelstadt, B. D., et al., The Ethics of Algorithms:Mapping the Debate, Big Data&Society, vol.3, no.2, 2016:1-21;Reamer, F. G., Ethical Standards for Social Workers'Use of Technology:Emerging Consensus, Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, vol.15, no.2, 2018:71-80.
• (3)Mittelstadt, B. D., et al., The Ethics of Algorithms:Mapping the Debate, Big Data&Society, vol.3, no.2, 2016:1-21.
• (4)Wagner, B., Kuebler, J.&Zalnieriute, M., Humans in the Loop:Exploring the Challenges of Human Participation in Automated Decision-Making Systems, Frontiers in Political Science, vol.7, 2025.
• (1)Luhmann, N., Trust and Power, Wiley, 1979:53-67; Reamer, F. G., Ethical Standards for Social Workers'Use of Technology:Emerging Consensus, Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, vol.15, no.2, 2018:71-80.
• (2)参见Durkheim,??., The Division of Labor in Society, Free Press, 1997; Weber, M., Economy and Society, University of California Press, 1978。
• (1)参见Bostrom, N., Superintelligenz:Szenarien Einer Kommenden Revolution, Suhrkamp Verlag, 2014; Bostrom, N., Deep Utopia:Life and Meaning in a Solved World, Simon&Schuster, 2024。
• (2)Mittelstadt, B. D., et al., The Ethics of Algorithms:Mapping the Debate, Big Data&Society, vol.3, no.2, 2016:1-21;Reamer, F. G., Ethical Standards for Social Workers'Use of Technology:Emerging Consensus, Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, vol.15, no.2, 2018:71-80.
• (3)Eubanks, V., Automating Inequality:How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press,2018:102-156; Rinta-Kahila, T., Vehvil??inen, J.&Stenberg, S., Algorithmic Decision-Making and System Destructiveness:The Case of Australia's'Robodebt'Programme, Information Technology&People, vol.31, no.3, 2022:313-338.